What is water pump?

Pump or the water pump is a mechanical device for handling and transfer a variety of liquids that with the increase in pressure, causing the displacement of fluids to a higher altitude (with the increased printhead) or even lower (pond or tank) can be. Pumps in various industries for different applications and abundance. The pump of energy sources, various uses that includes the pump, with the function of manual, electric, engines within the burner and the force of the wind can be Pump has different sizes that are of the size of the microscopic for medical pumps, industrial to be included.

In other words, the. pump mechanical energy from an external source such as the engine and taken to fluid liquid that in passing from it to pass. Thus, the energy of the fluid, and after getting out of the pump increases. From pumps to transfer or displacement of fluid from one point to another in a piping system or used hydraulic pumps in a variety of forms that are each particular application.

Units of measurement in pump

In Continue, a series of words, the technical and the key is in the manufacturing industry, pump basic application have, etc., along with the meanings they examined we will. All sizes and units of measure to the shape characteristics of the expression have been.

Dubai (discharge)

The rate of passage of fluid from a cross-section in unit time, the definition of Dubai can be, and usually it’s with Q Display. Measurements Dubai for a major and based on two categories, units of measurement are done:

• Units of mass: the amount of mass crossing Jeremy fluid in the deduction of a certain amount of time can be calculated, such as Kg/h
• Units of volume: the amount of mass crossing a volume of fluid per unit time can be calculated, such as lit/min (liter per minute), and m3/s (cubic meter per second)

In other words, the amount of fluid or liquid in the unit that a certain amount of time from a particular spot, such as the outlet pump, or the level of cross section of the pipe crossed and her. Dubai is said to be, which can be based on the liters of the minute, liters per second or cubic meters per hour, is calculated. It is noteworthy that the amount of fluid passing through the tube, and the amount of electricity passing through a wire fit the same there, so that the amount of printhead hydraulic equal to the amount of voltage and potential energy, Electric has been and the amount of flow of hydraulic is also equal to the amount of amps, and the electric current can be. As whatever, wire transfer, the flow of electricity, the thinner is the amount of current through the wire is reduced by reducing the diameter and cross-section tube, water transfer, amount Dubai is also reduced. As to transfer the flow of electricity to the power cable through the wire needs to the voltage difference, we have, for the transfer of fluid in the pipe should also printhead certain defined. Determine the amount of printhead identical on the two sides of a pipe, horizontal, makes the fluid within the Tube, any stream is not due to the fact that as the power cable against passing a stream of electricity from to show their strength.

Heads (h) or pump pressure

Namely, a pump, to what height (in standard conditions) can be fluid under pressure raise. For water pumps, centrifuge, etc. the printhead or the pressure of the water in Meters (m) or feet (ft) expression, and be prepared for the Rotary Pump and positive displacement pump pressure depending on the time bar and PSI and KPA (kpa) is expressed. In other words, the Head, means the height is level difference refers. For example, the pump with the amount Dubai against Q in a matter of seconds and with a height of 30 meters is capable of amount Q liters of fluid per second to a height of 30 meters, pumping does. The amount of the height of the pumping each pump based on the diameter of the propeller and the speed of the circulation pump motor is calculated and the type of fluid pumping lubricating important is not. In other words, in the example above, the pump is capable of amount Q liters of fluid pumping lubricating ranging from smooth water, oil, or Mercury, etc., to a height of 30 liters per second, pumping, and differ only in the amount of power to the pumps for pumping the fluid vary.

Pressure (Pressure)

The amount of pressure, i.e., the amount of pressure is exerted on each unit of the Earth’s surface (for example, Kg/cm2) and be careful with that amount of height, not to be confused. For pumping of liquids, the amount of pressure that the liquid on the surface of the Earth, entered does not equal is obtained by multiplying the amount of the height of the pumping in the specific weight of the liquid pumping lubricating. Because of that, the volume of several kilometers of air over the surface of the Earth. on the surface of the sea, only compressive strength equal to a Kg/cm2 Produces, namely, compressive close to almost one atmosphere. But the same amount of volume of fluid pressure equal to 700 to 800 times the air pressure can produce. Because the specific weight of the liquid 700 to 800 times the weight of the air is greater. Keep in mind that the amount of water pressure with a height of 10 m, something close to a Kg/cm2 can be. With the installation of a مانومتر at the outlet of the pump can be increased pressures below measured.

• Oil – specific weight of 2.1 Kg/cm2 = 00.7*0.001*30*100 = 0.7 Kg/cm3
• Water – specific weight of 0.3 Kg/cm2 = 00.1*0.001*30*100 = 1.0 Kg/cm3
• Mercury – specific weight 40.8 Kg/cm2 = 13.6 * 0.001 *30 * 100 = 13.6 Kg/cm3

Drop height pumping

By passing the fluid from pipes, filter, or lions, and the effect of friction, with glazed interior them is the amount of fluid flow and, consequently, the height of the pumping somewhat reduced that to it, the drop height is said to be. Like the flow of electricity that by increasing the amount of current (amps) drop in the flow inside the cable will increase. With the increase in the speed of fluid flow., the drop in the value stream, and so the drop height, pumping more. So by passing the fluid from the pipes and filters, and valves is more, the drop height is also compared to the same increase.

Density of fluid

The order of mass for a fluid or liquid, the weight of that fluid/liquid in a single specific measurement is usually based on the units of measure of Kg/dm3 , or Kg/l is measured. It is noted that every 1dm3 equal to 1 liter.

Tip: now, with regard to the relationship between the amount Dubai and the amount of the height of the pumping can be pumped into the following groups it divided:

• Pump that amount Dubai, the bottom and the height of pumping up (pumps piston and Rotary and gradually, small)
• Pump that much of Dubai, and the height of the typical (may)
• Pump that Dubai, and the height of pumping up (pumps has a butterfly fan shape and Helio Centrifugal)
• The engine may or Heliocentrifugal or pumps has a butterfly fan shape in the form of rotational motion and the speed of circulation, it is based on rpm, the rpm can be calculated. In this category of pumps, with the change of the amount Dubai عمکلرد pump has not changed and the height of the pumping remain constant. So in order to change the mode of operation, the pump should be the speed of the circulation of the engine changed.

The Energy entered the fluid passing through the pump that corresponds to the height and the concentration of your fluid is used. the power output is said to be.

Power output

To the amount of Power (Energy) entered into the fluid by the pump. the power output of the pump, it is said that the three factors, Dubai, height and weight of the fluid depends on.

For example, the power output of the pump used for pumping of gasoline is much lower than the power output of Pompeii is that the direction of the pumping sulfuric acid is used because the weight of both the fluid vary. All pumps with the help of the electric motor or موتورهایی that your device have been installed, etc. to be able to pump fluid can be. Power (power) required by pump, the direction of the function, and pumping the fluid to be consumed to say.

Power consumption

To be entered into the pump by the motor and transferring it to fluid., the power consumption, the pump is said to be. To mediating factors such as the friction of the fluid with the pipes, or a drop of hydraulic in your device, always power output of the pump, less power consumption, the one that has been mostly less than number one, and as a percentage calculated that the percent efficiency of the pump is said to be.

Efficiency

By dividing the output power of the pump on power consumption, etc. the efficiency of the pump comes to hand. For example, in Pompeii, which has efficiency of 75 percent, is the only means of pump % of power consumption, it is returned and a 25% which, in effect, the friction of the fluid with the pipes and other fixtures, or heat the inside of the tube and the machine wasted. In conclusion, whatever the efficiency of the pump is greater than the amount of percentage of waste power consumption is less. So the cost of energy consumption, it is less.

If the output power of the two pumps, equal to a 1 HP, has been in a while, the efficiency of the pump, the first 50 and the other 60% is. we conclude that the amount of power required to provide a power output of 1 HP for pumps, the first 2 HP, and for the second pump only 1.67 HP can be.

So in conclusion, the most important parameter to determine the quality of the device and the amount of saving in the consumption of energy, پرامتر efficiency is.

Categories pumps based on the function

Categories, types of pumps (pumps) according to the function, building, interior, a transfer to the fluid, sex, material, etc. liquid which the pump can produce. install the trim, and etc there. One of the common methods and comprehensive to Category pumps, method of Energy Transfer to the fluid is to the two methods of dynamic and displacement, divided into:

1. Pump, positive displacement (Positive Displacement Pump)
2. Pump dynamic or displacement of non-positive (Non-Positive Displacement Pumps)

 

Pump, positive displacement (Positive Displacement Pump)

Positive displacement pumps to the two types of rotational (Rotary, and reciprocating compressors (Reciprocating) categories are:

A variety of pump rotational or Rotary

• Gear pump
• Pump lobe
• Pump spokes
• Pump progressive vacuum
• Pump ago, Clay
• Screw pumps

A variety of pumps, reciprocating compressors or Reciprocating

• Pump piston floating
• Diaphragm pump

 

Pump rotational or Rotary mean?

In this type of pumps, displacement by rotational motion gears, camshaft and or blades done. As more was said, this kind of types of pumps, diversity there are many who continue to description of each of the types of this product, we’ll pay.

Gear pump (Gear Pumps) what?

One of the most common pump for increasing the hydraulic fluid, etc. gear pump is off. Gear pump with the use of gears, hydraulic fluids, as he moves, and in two types of gears domestic and foreign production are. This type of pump because the specified amount, and a fixed liquid in each cycle moves from type positive displacement pumps are.

Pump lobe (Lobe Pumps) what?

Pump lobe or pump earrings in various industries, including paper making, etc. for the food, biotechnology, etc. pharmaceutical, chemical application is the cause of the application of various pumps, lobe, etc. the high quality of the health, reliability, corrosion resistant in the environment, the steam can be.

Pump spokes (Vane Pumps) what?

Pumps Vienna or pump spokes and a kind of positive displacement pumps (Positive Displacement Pump), and Rotary are the terms of the basics with gear pump (Gear Pumps), the similarities are great. In the pump, spokes, etc. blades are installed on The روتوری is within the cavity of the place. In some cases, the blades during several have to keep in touch vacuumed the pump that kept the circulation does. Use the usual it’s in the pump, hydraulic, high pressure, and the system strength and super-charged it.

Mono pump or pump progressive vacuum (Progressive Cavity Pumps) what?

These pumps that with another name like pump or single screw also can be known is by holes discrete is a rotor helix are located. fluid for advance moves. The rate of volumetric flow proportional to the speed of the circulation of the rotor can be created. Hence these pumps are used to measure liquids and pumping fluid viscose are suitable.

 

 

Pump ago, clay, or pump, peripheral (Peripheral Pumps) what?

In pumps, ago, Clay, storage space larger than the drain is and this causes a drop in chamber pressure, the suction in the result of the fluid, and easier to enter the pump can be. But the drain is smaller, and the operating fluid with greater intensity drives. When the pump becomes clear butterfly pumps, fluid from the openings of the suction to the outlet forwards.

Screw pumps (Screw Pumps) what?

Screw pumps a pump displacement is positive. For this reason, with each round circulation, etc. certain volume of fluid displaced crafted. Therefore, with the increase in speed rotational Dubai fluid also increases. In all pumps, screw rotation speed, the pump due to the viscosity of the fluid is determined. In the face of increasing viscosity, the speed lower for the circulation of choice can be.

Pump, reciprocating compressors (Reciprocating Pumps) what?

In this type of pump for the transfer of energy for پریودیک and periodically done. The driving force in this pump is usually electric motor can be. In this pump, the piston inside the cylinder, the top and the bottom of the move. The performance of this system so that in case of moving the piston to one side, inside the cylinder, the suction is created and the fluid from the valve to the inside of the move. With the return of the piston, the fluid had been sucked from the valve, the other driven out. The application of this pump in fluid viscose and oily can be. In the text to introduce the types of pumps, reciprocating chart.

Diaphragm pump (Diaphragm Pumps) what?

Diaphragm pump is another type of pump, positive displacement, or the same discretization can be. In diaphragm pump, disconnect and plug flow, the Mediated motion, the aperture is. Diaphragm pump to displace fluid with a viscosity used in different (fluid too viscous, like honey or resin, and the adhesive fluid until the fluid is too dilute like water). In these pumps, on the contrary, other pumps, no butterfly, there is no action Switch fluid by a flexible plate is usually made of الاستومتر is used.

A variety of diaphragm pump

• Diaphragm pump manual
• Diaphragm pump, electric
• Diaphragm pump, pneumatic or inflatable

In the industry system, pneumatic due to its lack of need of electricity for more applications.

The ability of the diaphragm pump

• Create the perfect strain output up to 1200bar
• The ability to work with fluid viscose
• High efficiency 97 %
• The ability to work with minimum lubrication
• Ability to immersion in fluid
• Ability to function dry
• Not having flood, mechanical
• Ability to use in the environment of flammable or explosion
• The suction from barrels and tanks with different dimensions

Diaphragm pump, pneumatic barrel cache with compressed air works and has the power suction is high and, consequently, the direction of pumping a variety of fluid used.

Pump piston floating mean?

This type of Pump has a mechanism of rotational and are from the group of positive displacement pumps, which have been the principles of their function in the pump, the fluid like reciprocating pumps, but with this difference, that instead of a cylinder, and the piston has a large number of the cylinder and piston are these pumps in cases where the pressure output high (100 to 1000) time is required to be used. In this pump with a rotating mechanism, rotational, etc. the piston inside the cylinder went back), and oil to the inside of the compartment of the cylinder and then pulled it to the inside of the pump system can be. Generally, the pump piston in the two types of, stainless steel, and bronze are made.

A variety of pump piston

• Pump car wash,
• Pump car wash, homemade
• Pump car wash, industrial
• Pump car wash, warm water, and cold
• Pump car wash, electric pump, car petrol pump, car wash, Diesel
• Pump fogging
• Pump sprayers

 

Pump dynamic or displacement of non-positive (Non-Positive Displacement Pumps)

In this type of pump, a vane actuator with rotational motion., the kinetic energy into pressure or the speed of conversion does. Continue to introduce a variety of this product, we’ll pay.

Pump centrifuge (Centrifugal Pumps) what?

Pump and the most used type of pump in the industry can be. With about 75% of the intake of the pump in the industry to be included. Since in these pumps is always a certain amount of Dubai fluid at a constant pressure, and in any situation can provide pumps, the ideal to be come. These pumps are based on the centrifugal force work. The Working Mechanism in these pumps, which is when the Blades of the pump within that era are. fluid from the center to the outside forwards, and when the fluid from the center to The goes out., the fluid replaced under atmospheric pressure or the pressure of synthetic and higher toward the center to be drawn competition that goes out, etc. through the path of the output to be discharged. The fluid pressure will be the amount of which can be by-step butterfly and also the speed of an era, it calculated.

Centrifugal pump can be of the type of shells, type of license and how to get axis and the number of classes categorized.

In terms of the shell

A) screw pump

In these pumps the shell of the cochlea, or پیچکی is designed so that the conduit in the direction of impeller rotation, Master be. In conclusion, with the increase in the cross-section decreases and the pressure dynamic (due to speed) to push the static turns.

B) pump افشاننده (diffusers)

In this pump, the impeller by the Blades, fixed have surrounded that the blades help are called. The Blades distance from the center of the open are and with the increase of the cross section, the speed decreased and the pressure increased.

In terms of cutting the shell

A) shell integrated

Usually, the body, centrifugal pumps, a floor for integrated poured. The direction of the ride up the butterfly and the internal parts of the pump. frequently, both sides, or at least one side of the shell open.

B) shell, multi-piece

In this case, the shell can be in the direction of several cutting have. If the page is cut along the axis of. the shell with a horizontal incision is. If the page is cut along the vertical is a shell, cut perpendicular to say.

 

The status of the openings of the suction and drift

Placed in the openings of the suction and drift also in the pump are different, and in some adjustable. This feature in pumps, a piece does not exist. At the pump multi-piece, a change of status, span drift, it is possible to adapt better pump with a situation where it is placed in the network it creates, which leads to less use of the connectors and reduce the costs can be.

 

In terms of distribution type

Butterflies from the direction of the mechanical structure, how to enter the liquid to the butterfly, and the direction of its output divided.

A) building mechanical

Depending on the type and viscosity of fluid, transitional, etc., the butterfly can be open, semi-open and closed.

• a) butterfly package
• b) impeller, semi-open
• c) open butterfly

From butterfly open as sludge, cache, and for dredging is used. Butterfly semi-open for fluid transfer slimy, like wastewater, pulp, paper, soluble sugar, etc. goes to work. In the model, the butterfly package, vane type between the two page wrappers fall that the direction of the transmission fluid with the viscosity to be. Butterfly package, the efficiency is higher than the two licenses, the other is.

B) segmentation of the terms of entry of liquid into the pump

Pumps in terms of entry of fluid into the butterfly to two models, a single split casing, and the two split casing divided. Problem striking pumps single split casing, the lack of balance hydraulic thrust at them. Adding rims to certain parts of the distribution type, etc. balance out the axial forces on it becomes possible. Balance double pumps split casing, causing better performance in pumping water with high capacity will be.

C) segmentation on the basis of direction of flow of the liquid

Butterflies in terms of the flow of liquid into three categories, butterfly with the flow-consuming. butterfly with Axial Flow and butterflies with mixed-flow are divided. Of the impeller with the flow radially in the items that need to be heads-up and Dubai is, etc. are used. Distribution type axial flow to Dubai high and head low and butterfly mixed-flow to create pressure and discharge temperature goes to work.

Segmentation centrifugal pumps in terms of number of floors

The pump can be a floor or multiple floors, or in other words, a step or a few steps in.

Segmentation on the basis of the direction of the era of the butterfly

The direction of time, the butterfly can be بکوارد and forward is.

The advantages of centrifugal pumps

• Simple design
• Reasonable price
• Occupy little space
• Diversity in butterflies
• Availability
• Production of pressure-uniform
• The possibility to change the performance by lathe giving distribution type (of course, one should note that lathe more than ten percent efficiency changes and the laws of similarity pump, other, honest, will not be)
• Because in the period above can be applied, the possibility of direct connection to the electric motor have a.
• Passing a volume of a uniform fluid
• The current cost low compared to other pumps

Disadvantages of centrifugal pumps

• In the normal mode, press and Dubai high supply does not.
• For high pressures are very expensive (pump class).
• Need sealing have.
• Fluid with لزجت high to effectively pump not work.

 

Pump linear (Axial Flow Pump) what?

This type of pumps are of centrifugal type are due to the capacity of the different in the two types of linear and ground are used. In the two types of pump circulator cast-iron pump circulator steel body can be built and be able to pump fluid to a temperature of 130 to 100 centigrade can be. These pumps are mostly for سیرکوله water are used.

Important points in ground pumps and inline can be used as the pump, linear, usually just Dubai, they create. While the pump on the ground, both Dubai and the pressure they produce.

Features pump circulator

• The sound of the function a little.
• This type of pumps in two types, single phase and three phase and single round, two rounds, three rounds and four rounds are made.
• Round Motor, these pumps are 1500 and 3000 is.
• The body is mostly made from cast iron and stainless steel can be.
• Sex distribution type of cast iron, etc., stainless steel, and rice.
• This category of electro-pumps in two types, with the mediator (couplings) and اتاروم or engine dry and without intermediaries exist.
• This type of Pump has a suction are not negative.

The difference mechanical pumps and positive displacement mean?

• Displacement pumps for small amounts of flow at high pressures and for fluids slimy to the pump and dynamical usually for pressure, temperature and flow most are used.
• In displacement pumps, energy, intended for direct-to-pressure conversion can be and at the pump to mechanical energy added First, quickly turns, and then in حلزوی or diffusers to push the turns.
• In displacement pumps maximum pressure according to the pressure of the system is determined, which means that where the drive pump can have, pump, push yourself to the extent required by the system brings. Maximum energy (pressure or head) at the pump dynamical limited that this pressure by closing the full milk output at zero flow to occur.
• In displacement pumps, energy in the period of a certain fluid is sent and at the pump, the dynamic energy steadily to liquid and fluid sent.

Cavitation at the pump mean?

Cavitation, or the same (with another name, such as corrosion, etc. حبابزایی, etc. , etc. ) phenomenon in which the decrease in pressure of the fluid, and the ratio of the partial pressure of the vapor, liquid (p_v) cause evaporation and create bubbles can be. These bubbles along the water area of the low pressure area of high pressure to be (work). In this mode, the water-to fill the empty space ایجاده by The to its side does of the high speed forming can be. This phenomenon in pumps, centrifuge, etc., butterfly, ships, etc. and overflow dams can be seen.

Inappropriate design of the pond, the suction causes the formation of vortices in the pattern of fluid flow and order to the worlds of suction bubbles of compressed air to the inside of the pump can be seen that the major problems in the pump are considered.

The most common examples, etc. abrasion of the pump impeller is when a sudden change in the direction of the motion of a fluid occurs. Cavitation is usually divided into two sections, the resident and transient divided.

The most important works of cavitation

• Make changes in the hydrodynamics of the fluid, (reducing the printhead and Dubai)
• Damage to the surfaces, the boundary between solid and fluid (corrosion butterfly)
• Create vibration and vibration
• Create

The force of cavitation is how much?

When the bubbles of the low pressure to the high pressure are imported فروریزش work, and with the speed of sound to the walls of the pump collide that the sound has a lot of. The speed of sound in water 4800 feet on H, that is, the force of it, the following can be calculated:

Hv = V2/2g = (4800FT/sec)2 ÷ 2 (32.16 FT) = 358209FT

Pressure (psi) = (HEAD*Sp.gr) ÷ 2.31 = 358209 ÷ 2.31 = 155069 psi

The number calculated show that the phenomenon of cavitation can be in the short duration of the pump from the foot of دربیاورد. The figure below, the pressure gradient, when occur the phenomenon of cavitation in the pump, centrifuge the show:

Fluid from point a to enter the pump, and in the point b, the pressure to a pressure lower than the Vapor Pressure Drop and makes the bubbles to be formed (due to evaporation), and when the fluid to the area, high output, (d) move, at Point c, the phenomenon of the condensate occurs and bubbles can ترکند.

Types of cavitation

1. Cavitation
   • Cavitation classic (failure NPSH)
   • Cavitation بازگردش internal re-circulation cavitation)
2. Cavitation suction Air aspiration cavitation)
3. Cavitation failure, the passage of the blade (Vane passing syndrome cavitation)
4. Cavitation توربولانس (Turbulence cavitation)

Cavitation

What high is defined as cavitation was presented, the so-called cavitation تبخیری has been called the most common type of cavitation is 70% of the cavitation upload right through to place. Also because when (NPSHA) from (NPSHR) is less than the phenomenon can occur to its failure NPSH also say. The most damage in the pump impeller in this type of cavitation occurs.

Sometimes the sound of gravel on the inside of the pump to the butterfly can be heard. If the milk دیسشارژ to make a quiet, calm terminate and the sound cut off region. cursors the problem of cavitation is.

NPSHR the height of the net positive required in the suction of the mean?

Parameter NPSHR or the same head net positive suction) plays an important role in the selection of the pump, such that the temperature of the liquid input to them, ballast plays. In fact, a fluid, when the evaporation can be that push it much lower, or its temperature is much increased, and the NPSHR to the least amount of pressure applied is to avoid the phenomenon of cavitation is required. In order to prevent the occurrence of the phenomenon of cavitation, the pressure system should always in all stages of suction, sign in to butterfly and unloading, the higher the vapor pressure of the liquid at the working temperature is.

The phenomenon of cavitation, when that happens, the height of the suction positive net available NPSHA , from what the manufacturer’s recommended as it is less. NPSHA to several factors, including pressure environments, the physical properties of the liquid, the diameter of the suction pipe etc, will depend on. This parameter according to the following formula can be calculated:

NPSHA = {(P1 + Pb – Pv)/γ} – Z1 – Hr

Z1max = {(P1 + Pb)/γ} – {NPSHR + (Pv/γ) + H, r}

 

• Z1: level of difference between the axis of the pump and the fluid level, pumping lubricating
• p1: the amount of air pressure on the surface of the fluid. In the event of suction fluid from the tank Open or contact the fluid level with the air, the amount of P1 is equal to 0
• pb: atmospheric pressure
• pv: vapor pressure of competition that pumping can be at a temperature of source
• γ: density of the fluid,
• Hr :drop-head in the suction pipe

Most pump manufacturers centrifugal order to avoid the occurrence of the phenomenon of cavitation, a proposal that NPSHA minimum of 0.5 meters more than NPSHR is. In some sources recommended that the NPSHA should be approximately 20% more than the NPSHR is. In any case, should not the difference of 0.5 km less.

Tip: with the increase of Dubai pumps, the amount of NPSHR increase, this increase in range right the best performance point (BEP) is more. For this reason, it is important that the pump in the range of BEP to be chosen.

 

Solutions to prevent injuries resulting from the performance of cavitation

• Reduce the speed that the amount of heads caused by drop, will reduce the.
• Increase the diameter of the butterfly and cut away (it should be noted that the decrease away the barrier supply printhead is not).
• Apply two pumps smaller in parallel, which decreases the backdrop of the printhead can be.
• Reduction of Pv (reducing the temperature of the fluid)
• The larger consideration of the openings of the suction pump in proportion to the span drift

 

Methods of disposal of cavitation

• Increase the pressure in the suction of the pump (for example, in boilers due to the high temperature of the fluid to prevent cavitation from تجهیزی to the name of the previous subsequent direction of the pressure builds dildo before pump, they use)
• The decline in Dubai pump
• Non-use of milk in the distance close to the pump suction
• Correction plumbing in the pump suction
• Washing and sedimentation, deforestation in the pipes and fittings, especially on the suction pump
• Use ایندیوسر in the pump suction
• Use pumps with NPSHR is less than the NPSHA plumbing system
• Increase the NPSHA plumbing system

The figure below is a sample of installing a pump, centrifuge the direction of the pumping fluid with the amount Dubai equal to 235 liters per minute, the direction of pumping water at four different temperatures show.

Now, the performance of the pump in 4 different modes we review. If the amount of NPSH required to ensure the printhead is set equal to 3.25 km is, you can steam pressure and density of the fluid to the desired temperature of the tables have achieved. Drop printhead suction also according to the following formula can be calculated:

• The first mode: install in sea level and water temperature 20 degrees centigrade

Z1max = {(P1+Pb)/γ} – {NPSHR + (Pv/γ) + Hr)

Z1max = {(101325 ÷ (998.3 * 9.81)} – {3.25 + (2338 ÷ (998.3 * 9.81)) + 2.040} = 4.8

According to the formula above you can see that the pump is capable of water with a temperature of 20 degrees centigrade, the maximum depth of 4.82 km, pumping does. Note that by increasing the amount of Dubai, to more than 2351 liters per minute, the amount of NPSH and drop the printhead suction also increases. In conclusion, the printhead suction accessible to less than 4.82 km reduced. By reducing the amount of the Dubai action photo takes place.

• The second mode: install in sea level and water temperature of 60 degrees centigrade

Z1max = {(101325 ÷ (983.2 * 9.81)} – {3.25 + (1992 ÷ (983.2 * 9.81)) + 2.040} = 3.15

According to the formula above you can see that the pump is capable of water with a temperature of 60 degrees centigrade, the maximum depth of 3.15 km, pumping does.

• Third: install in sea level and water temperature of 90 degrees centigrade

Z1max = {(101325 ÷ (965.2 * 9.81)} – {3.25 + (70110 ÷ (965.2 * 9.81)) + 2.040} = -1.99

According to the formula can be found that the fluid level should be at least 1.99 km above the axis of the pump used.

• Mode four: install the device 1500 m above sea level, and water temperature of 50 degrees centigrade

Z1max = {(101325 ÷ (988 * 9.81)} – {3.25 + (12335 ÷ (988 * 9.81)) + 2.040} = 3.89

According to the formula above you can see that the pump is capable of water with a temperature of 50 centigrade, the maximum depth of 3.89 km pumping does. As can be observed with the increase in the temperature of the fluid, etc. maximum suction height is reduced.

Better is always the settings of the device such that with a minor change values set, like the natural variations in the amount of atmospheric pressure, function device, the disorder is not. For the fluid close to the boiling point, this is more important because the slightest change in the temperature of the fluid causes large changes in the working conditions of the device.

Cavitation interior

If the delivery pump to be closed., the fluid from the high pressure to the low pressure returns to both cavitation occurs. Areas of damage to the propeller, in the form shown below.

1. Fluid with a high speed inside the pump بازگردش and does not average it has gone up and super hot (Overheat) can be.
2. Fluid from between the seams, passes, speed, and high temperature causes evaporation, it can be.

This phenomenon occurs when the that the two pump not to be parallel to the concrete tie. For example, one pump has Heads 10 times, and the second pump has head 8 times. Now, if push System, 9 times the…, check valve, pump, the second closed, and if the pressure switch command to shut off the pump, the second would be in danger. internally in the pump can occur.

 

Cavitation air suction

This cavitation effect on the entry of air along with the water in the pump occurs at the pump with the suction negative very common.

Cavitation failure, the passage of the blade

If the distance distribution type pump with compartments is low, this phenomenon occurs (the empty space between the butterfly and the compartment should be 4% diameter of the impeller is), the cavitation more on the tip of the Blades affects.

Cavitation

The cavitation in the effect of turbulence in the flow takes place in the following conditions occur:

1. Create vortices on the suction
2. Create the turbulence by gooseneck sharp and fittings and filters

To avoid this, cavitation is suggested that at a distance of 5D of the crater, suction pumps, fittings, and تجهیزی install them. Also, the NFPA for fire pumps this distance, the 10D has noted. The suction tube inside the tank should also be to screen the anti-vortex is equipped with (Anti-Vortex).
How printhead pump calculate?

To transfer fluid from one point to another within the system pressure is needed, this pressure must be on-resistance system, and overcome it. that hed say. The printhead is generally equal to the sum of the printhead, static, etc. printhead pressure and printhead dynamic can be.

Printhead static pump is equal to the height of the pumping is generally in meters can be calculated. To calculate the height of the pumping, the pump should be the amount of printhead suction and the amount of printhead deliverability, while the function of the pump measured.

Depending on how you install the device. the height of the pump to the two modes, the following can be calculated:

1. The amount of printhead suction negative, in which case the level of fluid pumping lubricating lower than the suction pipe is located.
2. The amount of printhead suction positive is that in this case, the level of fluid pumping lubricating higher than the suction pipe is located.

In the first case, the amount of the height of the pumping equal to the sum of the height of the suction and delivery and in the second case, equal to deduct the amount the height of the suction of the amount of the height of the dahesh is. Note that the fitting height gauge, the suction and delivery to span the diameter of identical connected to the difference in concentration of the fluid cause a change in the quantities they do not. Printhead dynamic (Hed friction) pressure drop inside the tube, in effect, the friction between the fluid with the wall corrugated pipe and fittings, and it is through the formula هیزن – Williams and Darcy – ویسباخ calculated.

Equation -Williams

This equation, a relationship is experimental and the advantage of it compared to other relationships is that the coefficient of friction, it is a function of the number of Reynolds not. But the disadvantage of it is that just for the water, credit, and the effects of temperature and viscosity, in this respect, is not considered.

Pm = (4.25 * Q1.85) ÷ (C1.85 * d4.87)

• Pm: resistance to friction (pounds on the square inch/feet)
• Q: Dubai pumping (gallons per minute)
• C: the coefficient of the drop the friction
• d: inner diameter of the actual tube (inch)

In the system SI is equal to:

Pm = 6.05 * {(Q1.85) ÷ (C1.85 * d4.87)}

• Pm: resistance to friction (the burden km)
• Q: Dubai pumping (liters per minute)
• C: the coefficient of the drop the friction
• d: internal diameter of the real pipe (km)

The Darcy equation

∆P = 0/000216f (LρQ2/d5)

• P∆: Hed wasted
• Q: Dubai pumping (gallons per minute)
• L: the length of the pipe
• ρ: density of fluid (pound the cubic feet)
• C: the coefficient of the drop the friction
• d: inner diameter of the actual tube (inch)

In the quick calculations with reasonable accuracy, to calculate the printhead dynamical systems hydration and circulation cooling, etc. 50% to the length of the piping, add it in the allowed range, the drop in per meter tube based on type of system can beat them.

Also, if the destination pumping has a pressure of. the pump should be to this pressure not overcome (for example, in boilers, hot water pump have to press the boiler is also not overcome) to which the printhead pressure to say.

To calculate the printhead submersible pumps, only calculate the printhead deliverability enough. Then add the amount of printhead dynamic, and the difference in height between the fluid level and مانومتر can be the printhead pumps will be calculated.

How to be pumped, calculate?

The amount of pump power based on the kilowatt (kW) or horsepower (HP) can be calculated.

• Q: Dubai
• H: height in meters
• γ: specific weight of fluid

Be the pump with the one from the formula below can be calculated:

How to calculate the power output, engine, pump, what would it be?

• P1: power to the motor
• P2: power motor
• P3: power motor

Change the printhead pump by changing the speed of the motor rotation

The performance of the pump with the speed of the motor rotation relationship is. In case of failure to create the phenomenon of cavitation, etc. can be found from the law of similarity used, which, according to the formula, the following takes place:

For example, with the double round motor, ny

• Qx: the amount Dubai is doubled.
• Hx: the height of the four-fold.
• P2x: power consumption, the eight-fold.

The laws of similarity, the diameter of the butterfly

Q1 / Q2 = D1 / D2

H1 / H2 = (D1 / D2)2

P1 / P2 = (D1 / D2)3

Calculation of power, torque, and current consumption engine

• P1: power to the pump
• P2: power to the pump
• ~V: voltage AC power supply
• Hz: the amount of frequency
• I: the amount of consumption during engine based on AMP
• Cosφ: power factor
• N1/min: speed circulation motor
• η: efficiency of the output (that of the split be the primary on the power output of the engine comes from.)
• P: number of Poles motor
• Cn: force, torque, nominal engine

The speed of circulation of the engine without the pressure according to the following formula can be calculated:

With a reduction of 2 to 7%, the motor speed mode, no load, can be engine speed, mode, pressure, perfect calculated.

 

The amount of power consumption

The amount of power the engine

Efficiency

Power factor

Force, torque, nominal engine

• I: the amount of flow according to the AMP
• F: frequency of the voltage
• C: the capacity of the capacitor
• V: voltage consumption

Example: the amount of current consumption, capacitive touchscreen, with a capacity of 14 میکروفاراد that the power supply is 220 volts is connected is equal to:

 

Capacity approximate capacitor according to the following formula can be calculated:

 

Example: the capacity of the capacitor connected to the power supply, 220V consumption amps 1.4 Amps is equal to

The procedure for setting up the electric motor

Starter triangle (Direct On Line) or DOL

The simplest method is the starter of induction motors, a triangle is called a DOL and the single is also known as. Starter DOL includes a مدارشکن power (دژنکتور or Circuit Breaker) or MCCB (auto key to protect against overload and short-circuit), the contactor and thermal Relay for protection are. Contactor electromagnetic can be used by the thermal relay, in the circumstances of the error, disconnect the connection be. Contactor by means of buttons, start and stop individually controlled, and a contact (connection) extra on it to have been. In this method, the AC (three-phase or single-phase) enters the contactor and next to the electric motor may be connected.

Method triangle start-up current is high, and also with the maximum torque start that works in most industries, it is not necessary and may cause tension in the rotating and couplings are used. When the engine acceleration takes place., the flow began to decline, find the will, but for sensible when the engine to the highest speed can reach will not decrease. In many cases, a single method multiplication as the most efficient method and even the only method of launch.

In pumps, up to a maximum power 11 kW of these methods can be used, such as in engines larger because of the High start-up current to this method, the motor amps a lot.

Starter star-triangle (two-beat)

that connect to the winding triangle works, with a connection to the winding Star starter can eat and the amount of amps consumption and force of the torsional initial them to a third the amount of the starter triangle Ɵ may be reduced. In this way, by reducing the voltage, flow, torque is also reduced. Parts used in setting up the star-triangle (star-delta) includes 3 pcs contactor, etc., fuse protector, metal, control phase, and the timer can be. Method of Star-triangle not be required torque الکتروموتورهایی that under the initial load start to work; can be used. Suggested in this method, the alternator no-load starter to be.

Starter Soft start)

As its name implies, the engine for the soft launch and speed, eventually kills you and the same for the soft off. In this method cannot be used, the motor speed changed. How to function the same method, star triangle and on each phase voltage does. When the alternator away the name of their receipt., the soft starter must be of the circuit is removed. Also, for starters, the engine load may not be suitable.

AC drive

Drive تجهیزی is used to control the speed of the engine (with the shift away) is used. This equip with another name, like frequency converter, etc., the regulator, frequency, drive, inverter, etc. are also known. In the catalog of the two words, variable speed drive (VSD) and variable frequency drives (VFD) are. Drives AC common direction of the remote control, induction motor with one of the three methods under the act:

• Inverters change the developer voltage (VVI)
• Inverter current source (CSI)
• Modulation bandwidth (PWM)

All of these drives, electricity, AC input from the source and taken by the rectifier it to DC conversion work, then again by the inverter to AC power that turns the voltage and frequency, it is under control.

System protection

It is better electric motors to the power supply has a contactor with proper system protection overload attached.

mean?

With the expansion of industry, nowadays, need to pump the smaller size, and of course, high speed is important. Therefore the quality performance of the vacuum impeller pump is essential. ایندیوسرها parts important are the ability to achieve suction, more at the pump and … ‘s on the front of main impeller pumps are installed and with the same speed of the propeller can rotate. ایندیوسر can push the input to the distribution type of the pump will increase and thus the performance of the vacuum pump to improve.

Troubleshooting, etc. repairs and maintenance of pump

If the function of high pump or a lack of proficiency and skill of the user problems can occur, such as vibration on the pump and hot pumps, corrosion impeller pump or rims and بلبرنگ that revision, or the distance between them, most have been. In this section in a nutshell, the reasons, some imperfections and methods of fixing them.

Vibration pump:

• Get up to speed critical
• The pump requires lubrication is
• Fixed the absence of the pieces together
• Bending axis
• Bearings are experiencing سائیدگی have been.
• The foundation is sturdy enough not to be.

Reduce pumping of water by pump:

• Blocked pipes
• The pump should bleed to be.
• The air enters the inlet pipe is.
• Why pump hot.
• Or that a bug, mechanical there.
• High speed pump
• The viscosity of the fluid, the more the desired limits, can be

Pressure low output is:

• A piece between the pump blades stuck
• Create cavitation inside the pipes
• Speed era pump can be
• Become faulty seal
• The rotor of the pump in the opposite direction era is

Cut pumping:

• Low height
• The air enters the tube has been
• There is a leak in one of the pipes

Repair pump

One of the most common problems that usually the occupants of the buildings are faced with any problem in the water pump, the building can be. However, for the repair of the water pump, it is better to serviceman visit, but bring awareness to the tips that are offered makes you a better understanding of the possible problem in mind. When repairing the water pump, make sure that the ground hard, not sure, shoes are.

Vibration or noise, high pump:

This problem is due to the balance of the absence of the rotor, sturdy, lack of foundation, or the existence of external objects in the impeller or loose being a piece on the axis occurs the printhead.

Bleed the pump:

If within the inlet pipe, water pump, and tap the input pump, the air pump, water pumping does not need air to bleed cap, bleed the pump to open, then the inside of the pump and the suction pipe in several times with water, and fill up the air inside the pump completely empty, then cap the air, making it possible to fasten.

Performance altogether pump water without blackout:

Set not automatic, mechanical, etc. wireless water pump water, dry, and air drag, water pump, and hang key bindings automatic, mechanical, etc. cause this problem, and must be by the serviceman pump be set.

The performance of the pump, no openness, no milk:

One of the reasons may be perforation of the tube is. The other reason for the occurrence of this problem can malfunction flutter toilet(flash tank), which causes the water to continuously inside the well, expected, and because the leakage does not show not be detected. For sure the gate valve water inside the open gate valve water, milk, flash tank to close.

Malfunction of the automatic analog water pump:

If the tank under فشارباشد, etc. the main causes of downtime, automatic mechanical. In case of malfunction of the Source, setting the automatic me down. The other reason is the low quality of the Auto is. Automatic key compared to other means of pumps, more will be in trouble.

Of pump motor:

If the pump motor from working on usually with the correct service electric motor problem, the pump would be removed, in case of damage, capacitors, pump or کارکردضعیف., the water pump is defective and usable ” there’s nothing.

Adjust the water pressure in pump:

To adjust the pressure, first of all taps close, and with opening and closing a شیرآب pump set. This setting according to the number of units in the building do to the highest point of the building, also the water pressure is a good.

The source pressure water pump:

If the air inside the source is low., the pump does not work well, and gets in trouble. Tank pressure need to replace the tank, and set the blowing religion. tube them in less than a year, the defective can be. If the water pump more than 5 times per minute on and off to be probably the tube it is causing the problem or the source under فشاراست.

Pump, submerged

Submerged off the pump and the motor inside of the fluid to transfer it. reduces the complexity and cost of the pumping station can be. Especially if the length of the tube, the sheath is long, reducing the cost of these pumps may be dramatic. One of the schemes available, use the engines are filled with oil. Oil, motor oil, by mechanical flood of fluid lubricating pumps are separated. Sump pump cache small, mainly for submerged are made.

The products at the bottom of the pits are installed by a sling-top and bottom are drawn. To install, do not need the operations of the foundation, is not. Oil through a heat exchanger fin is at the top of the butterfly are, want to be cool. Oil by a butterfly which is below the rotor electric motor is located in. سیرکوله can be. A tube of foreign oil from the heat exchanger to the top of the engine forwards. Engine oil, an oil is a special, and in the event of a leak it. to the environment, not harm.

Plan another common for these pumps, shell, engine cooling with fluid around it. Inside the engines of a liquid, there is no fluid pump, lubricating by means of two mechanical flood of the environment, the engine will be separated. Mechanical flood high by a compartment oil, lubrication and cooling can be used (figure below). Butterfly this is the pump of the type of the vertex is. At the pump, the vertex, distance, axial edges of the butterfly to the front edge of the shell is high. This creates crossings stream without limit would be. Butterfly these pumps with the creation of the vertex in the interior compartment shell, pump and create centrifugal forces., the pumping action will perform. In fact, the fluid input under rotational forces a lot of placed. These pumps are suitable for pumping fluids with solid particles and fibers can be. Due to the lack of correct guidance of the fluid, BY license, the efficiency of the pump is approximately 30% less than centrifugal pumps, the typical size and speed for the same. Speed for these pumps from 10 to 80 may be variable. Efficiency, optimization, they are usually between 34 to 55 percent.

Since the distribution type, the pumps are less fluid is in contact, etc. these pumps are suitable for pumping the fluid, infected, etc. slime., the fluid containing solid particles, abrasives, gas, pulp, paper and generally suitable for pumping any contamination in the fluid. Also, these pumps are suitable for applications pumping live fishes and vegetables and like it as well. Pump Vertex small to be commonly used in the pumping of sludge are used.

Tips on the use of a variety of pump

In the field of repairs and maintenance the pump must carefully as:

• After opening and closing the pump, make sure the اورینگ for sealing the pump to be used and glue on parts of the sealing avoid.
• When adding cables, be sure of the size of the cable corresponds to the pump case, the terms used (from wire Earth is used).
• From the opening and closing screws oil separators, to refrain from.

The effects of cold on the pump

One of the imperfections common in the body of the pump hydrating, domestic, bust the shell of the pump based on the cooling air. In winter season, the cold air reduces the temperature of the water contained in the body of the pump can be. This reduction in temperature, etc. makes up the volume of water as non-normal increase. It should be noted that water at a temperature of zero degrees Celsius, the lowest density and the highest volume possible to meet.

Increase the non-normal volume of water contained in the pump chamber causes a housing until the pump fails the added pressure applied from the side, the increase in the volume bearing has suffered from the bust to be.

Warm water option may either leave the very planning in the body appear, but may in some cases leave a large body created that are practically possible to use the pump to disrupt them.

Therefore, it is recommended at the time of the cold, water is available in all electro-pumps especially submersible pump household, be sure to be outside.

 

Troubleshooting methods pumps

Troubleshooting pump